THE VALIDITY OF THE TRANSFER OF ALL ASSETS THROUGH GRANTS BEFORE THE HEIR'S DEATH AND ITS LEGAL CONSEQUENCES ON THE HEIR'S RIGHTS

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The transfer of assets through a grant is a legal act that is allowed as long as the grantor is alive. However, legal problems arise when grants are made to all assets so that when the heir dies, there is no longer an inheritance to be distributed to the heirs. This condition has the potential to cause disputes, especially if the grant reduces or eliminates the absolute rights (legitieme portie) of the heirs protected by the Civil Code (Civil Code). This study aims to analyze the validity of the transfer of all assets through grants before the heir dies and its legal consequences on the rights of the heirs. The research uses normative legal research methods with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. Legal materials were obtained through literature studies which included laws and regulations, Supreme Court decisions, literature, and scientific journals, then analyzed qualitatively using prescriptive analysis. The results of the study show that the validity of the transfer of all assets through grants is not only determined by the fulfillment of the legal requirements of the agreement and authentic deed, but also depends on the legal status of the grant object, the authority of the grantor, and the suitability of the transfer mechanism with applicable legal provisions. The transfer of joint property must obtain the consent of the spouse, while a grant that reduces the legitieme portie is not null and void, but can be requested for a reduction (inkorting) to ensure the fulfillment of the rights of the heirs. Thus, legal protection in the civil inheritance system is realized through a balance between the freedom of a person to give his property and the guarantee of the absolute rights of the heirs, so as to create legal certainty, justice, and usefulness in the implementation of grants.

ABSTRAK

Pengalihan harta melalui hibah merupakan perbuatan hukum yang diperbolehkan selama pemberi hibah masih hidup. Namun, permasalahan hukum muncul ketika hibah dilakukan terhadap seluruh harta kekayaan sehingga pada saat pewaris meninggal dunia tidak lagi tersedia boedel waris untuk dibagikan kepada ahli waris. Kondisi tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan sengketa, khususnya apabila hibah mengurangi atau menghilangkan hak mutlak (legitieme portie) ahli waris yang dilindungi oleh Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Perdata). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keabsahan pengalihan seluruh harta kekayaan melalui hibah sebelum pewaris meninggal dunia serta akibat hukumnya terhadap hak ahli waris. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Bahan hukum diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan yang meliputi peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan Mahkamah Agung, literatur, dan jurnal ilmiah, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif menggunakan analisis preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keabsahan pengalihan seluruh harta melalui hibah tidak hanya ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya syarat sah perjanjian dan akta autentik, tetapi juga bergantung pada status hukum objek hibah, kewenangan pemberi hibah, serta kesesuaian mekanisme pengalihan dengan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. Pengalihan terhadap harta bersama harus memperoleh persetujuan pasangan, sedangkan hibah yang mengurangi legitieme portie tidak batal demi hukum, melainkan dapat dimintakan pengurangan (inkorting) untuk menjamin terpenuhinya hak ahli waris. Dengan demikian, perlindungan hukum dalam sistem kewarisan perdata diwujudkan melalui keseimbangan antara kebebasan seseorang menghibahkan hartanya dan jaminan atas hak mutlak ahli waris, sehingga tercipta kepastian hukum, keadilan, dan kemanfaatan dalam pelaksanaan hibah